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Rebordering Britain & Britons after Brexit
2 June 2021

British citizens in the EU: the other side of the citizens' rights coin

Originally posted on the UK in a Changing Europe blog

The headlines have been full of news about the pending 30 June 2021 deadline for EU citizens resident in the UK to register for the EU Settlement Scheme (EUSS). What has been notable is the relative silence about the other side of the coin: British citizens living in the EU.

With the 30 June deadline fast approaching in four member states—France, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta—the late release of figures relating to the implementation of residence rights by the Specialised Committee on Citizens’ Rights is concerning, given that these are the only measure that we have of progress in respect to the implementation of citizens’ rights for British citizens living in the EU.

What progress for the implementation of residence rights for British citizens in the EU? 

Across the EU’s member states (excluding Ireland, which is covered by the Common Travel Area), and four EEA states, countries had the choice of whether to operate a declaratory or constitutive system.

In simple terms, declaratory systems require residents to swap existing residence documents for the new biometric cards attesting to their status under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement (WA).

Constitutive systems – which includes the UK’s EUSS – have a hard deadline for people to apply for residence status. In this case, right to residence for British citizens living in these countries before 31 December 2020 is contingent upon them applying, and having their eligibility checked.

The countries opting for this route are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Hungary, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden, and within the EEA, only Norway has chosen this route.

There are different deadlines for applications in these member states, as the table below outlines.

Table 1: applications for new residence status by British citizens in EU member states operating constitutive systems

Host State Deadline for Applications Estimated Number of Resident British Citizens Total Applications Received Total Applications Concluded Report Date
Austria 31 December 2021 11500 3100 1700 28 February 2021
Belgium 31 December 2021 22400 900 No data yet 16 April 2021
Denmark 31 December 2021 1900 3400 1500 29 March 2021
Finland 30 September 2021 5000 2800 1000 13 April 2021
France 30 June 2021 148300 122800 73700 15 April 2021
Latvia 30 June 2021 1200 421 320 31 March 2021
Luxembourg 30 June 2021 5300 3600 2900 13 April 2021
Hungary 31 December 2021 5800 800 700 6 April 2021
Malta 30 June 2021 13600 8300 5000 19 April 2021
The Netherlands 1 October 2021 (originally 30 June 2021) 45000 36700 36200 31 March 2021
Romania 31 December 2021 3000 432 370 26 April 2021
Slovenia 31 December 2021 900 108 88 15 April 2021
Sweden 30 September 2021 17000 7200 4000 31 March 2021

Source: Third joint report on the implementation of residence rights under part two of the withdrawal agreement, Specialised Committee on Citizens’ Rights 28 April 2021 

Statistics about the number of applications received and concluded are also included in the report.

These are the only statistics about implementation in respect to British citizens living in the EU that have been released since all the countries operating a constitutive system opened their application processes.

The measure of progress used draws on estimates of the numbers of British citizens living in each of these member states, and the numbers of applications received.

These estimates are well-known for under-stating the scale of this population. As we have seen in the case of EU citizens living in the UK, the numbers applying for EUSS were far greater than the estimates had suggested.

The same could be true in France where, just like the UK, there has been no requirement for EU citizens to register for residence – and where there are likely far higher numbers of British citizens who have made France their home than estimates suggest.

Cause for concern

In relation to the estimated number of British citizens resident in the EU, what becomes clear is that there are tens of thousands of British citizens living in the countries operating constitutive systems who have yet to apply.

This in should be cause for alarm, as if people fail to apply there are consequences. The day after the deadline for applications they will become undocumented in the places they may have called home for many years.

Without the residence status under the WA, these individuals might find themselves subject instead to domestic immigration laws in these member states which set a far higher bar for residence and settlement than those offered through the WA.

While there is a legal obligation for these members states (and the UK) to recognise reasonable grounds when dealing with late applications, should people after the deadline there are no guarantees of leniency.

Where this has not already happened, member states should issue guidance to those making decisions on applications about what constitutes reasonable grounds for late applications.

The people who are likely to fall between the gaps are the most marginal and vulnerable. Those living on low incomes. Those with disabilities, chronic conditions, or serious health issues.

Those who are not in a position to advocate for themselves for a range of reasons, including mental incapacity – but also children in alternative care, estranged from their (British) parents and likely with inadequate documentation. In other words, the changes to status brought about by Brexit will interact with existing cleavages and inequalities within the British citizens’ population living in these members states.

The statistics also reveal a significant timelag between applications being received and the new biometric cards – evidence of the right to reside –  being issued.

While causing anxiety for those waiting on their new documentation, the delays also speak to the challenges that member states are facing in processing the volume of applications.

France has set a deadline 1 October 2021 to issue these cards, but the statistics show the number of applications concluded lagging behind the number of applications made by nearly 50,000. This is a high bar to reach in the space of a few short months.

Addressing the shortfall and the timelag

Originally, the Netherlands had a 30 June deadline for applications. On 31 May, they took the decision to the extend the deadline until 1 October due to a shortfall in applications.

I echo the call from British in Europe—the coalition of grassroots citizens’ organisations and the largest grouping of UK citizens in the EU—for France, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta to follow suite.

Indeed, this seems most vital in France, the EU member state host to the second largest population of British citizens, where the statistics suggest a shortfall in excess of 25,000 British citizens.

What these extensions allow is more time for member states to reach out to those who haven’t yet applied, through dedicated communication campaigns.

The additional challenge here is that those yet to apply are likely to be the hardest to reach. Nevertheless urgent communication strategies need to be adopted in order to prevent them from becoming undocumented.

To tackle the timelag between application and the issuing of residence cards, this deadline could also be extended until the end of 2021.

This would reduce anxiety for those waiting on their status, but also allow time for officials, whose work may also have been interrupted by the challenges of the pandemic, to catch up with the backlog.

For a variety of reasons, British citizens in the EU do not make the headlines when it comes to Brexit and citizens’ rights.

With the deadline for them to apply for residence in France, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta less than a month away, we need to turn attention to what might be done to avoid tens of thousands of them falling between the gaps of new provisions.

To cite this item:

Benson, M (2021) Commentary: British citizens in the EU: the other side of the citizens' rights coin. UK in a Changing Europe Blog, 2 June 2021 [https://ukandeu.ac.uk/british-citizens-in-the-eu-the-other-side-of-the-citizens-rights-coin/]